Abstract: Over the last several decades, a great deal of research has focused on when and how children come to understand that other individuals can hold and act on false beliefs. Although evidence from traditional tasks suggested that false-belief understanding begins to emerge around age 4, more recent findings suggest that perhaps false-belief understanding might emerge as early as the first year of life. In this discuss, I will discuss recent attempts to reconcile these two sets of findings and present evidence suggesting that some capacity to represent beliefs is present in infancy, but children’s ability to engage in successful false-belief understanding depends on a number of additional factors, including aspects of their social experience. Email us at ihd@berkeley.edu to be added to our mailing list