Decision-making processes are remarkably flexible and sensitive to the environment, exhibiting a broad range of variation among adults. However, our understanding of how these systems develop in early life is limited by a persistent sampling bias toward Western cultures. In this talk, I will present work on the development of decision-theoretic and game-theoretic preferences in children across diverse cultural contexts. First, I will present the results of a cross-cultural investigation of risk and time preferences among children in India, Argentina, the United States, and the Ecuadorean Amazon, suggesting that market integration and related socioecological shifts lead to the development of more risk-seeking and future-oriented preferences. Second, I will present the early results of a six-culture investigation into the development of social preferences — namely, trustworthiness, honesty, fairness, and forgiveness — among children using incentivized economic games. These studies document high levels of variation in the development of decision-making across diverse cultural contexts and underscore the utility of bringing anthropological field methods to the study of developmental psychology.